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#### 34.1.3 Modifiers

After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ‘`:`’. These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.

`h`

  Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.

`t`

  Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.

`r`

  Remove a trailing suffix of the form ‘`.suffix`’, leaving the basename.

`e`

  Remove all but the trailing suffix.

`p`

  Print the new command but do not execute it.

`s/old/new/`

  Substitute new for the first occurrence of old in the event line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of ‘`/`’. The delimiter may be quoted in old and new with a single backslash. If ‘`&`’ appears in new, it is replaced by old. A single backslash will quote the ‘`&`’. If old is null, it is set to the last old substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place, the last string in a !?string`[?]` search. If new is is null, each matching old is deleted. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the input line.

`&`

  Repeat the previous substitution.

`g`
`a`

  Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in conjunction with ‘`s`’, as in `gs/old/new/`, or with ‘`&`’.

`G`

  Apply the following ‘`s`’ or ‘`&`’ modifier once to each word in the event.